Ameleh (Ameleh)

Idiomatic name: Ameleh

Traditional name: Amlaj

General name: Emblic

Scientific name: Phyllanthus emblica L.

Family: Phyllanthaceae

Use parts of plant: Fruit

Ameleh Hindi gooseberry or Mirobalan (scientific name of Phyllanthus emblica ) in the books of traditional medicine has the other names such as Aamlaj and Amlaj and in Indian linguistics, it is calling Amela and Uonela. This plant is the one type of the order of Malpygysanan. It is the ornamental tree with edible fruits and has 18 meters height and sometimes it will grow until 30 meters.

Morphology

The tree of Ameleh is deciduous with globular fruit (yellow that is willing to green).  Leaves of this tree are in the shapes of feather and the flowers of that are in the pale green colour. In one book with the name of “Makhzan Aladvyeh” from Aqili Khorasani Ameleh is coming with the name of Amlaj and he introduced it as the fruit of Indian tree with the sour taste that is very astringent and maximum size of that is as large as the walnut. In the books of “Ostad-e Qahreman”( Champion Master), its pointed that this plant in the old description has the same shape as the new description.

Ameleh distribution in the world

Ameleh is native to India and the Middle East.

History

Preparation of Ameleh products described in Sanskrit in first century AD.

Also, handwritten records of drug use of Ameleh, are found in texts of Arabic, Iraqi, Tibetan, Egyptian, also in the Sida (India) Ayurvedic and Greek systems. Today Ameleh fruit consumes in the common shape in the Indian diet.

Medicinal properties of Ameleh fruit

Boiling Ameleh fruit in the sugar syrup until it comes to be as same as jam. Eat two numbers of its fruit without core and one spoon of its syrup every day. I t will disappear indigestion that the reason of that is from poor nature.

  1. This plant is treating of topical pain that is from weakness and disability. It is prevented from body sweat that is coming from the disability. Women that they cannot be pregnant consume this plant during the time of their menstruation. They will come to be pregnant very soon.
  2. Bake Ameleh fruit and every day make a part of it sweet with the water of the fruit and eat. You can eat some of the fresh fruits of this tree either. It is the reinforcement of mind and heart.
  3. Increase body resistance against viruses and bacteria and it is prevented from vomiting.
  4. It is increasing appetite.
  5. It is cooler, diuretic, nature’s laxative and astringent.
  6. It is increasing of sexual power.
  7. It is discontinuation of all kinds of bleedings.
  8. It is cathartic melancholy and thinners of mucus.
  9. The Ameleh fruit makes the moisture of stomach and intestines dry, and it is helpful for the elimination of Nissan, Amnesia, Paralysis and melancholy.
  10. Flail this fruit without core and rub sugar equiponderant of that and make dough with a little oil of sweet almond. Before breakfast eat about 20 grams of dough every day. It reinforces of the eye and relieves cramping.
  11. Pour the powder of this plant in the cold water, make the poultice and put it on the Forehead. It will prevent from nosebleeds.
  12. Mix the powder of Ameleh with Henna and make Toothpaste. Rub it at night on the head skin it will strengthen hair and make hairs longer. It is prevented from turn the hair white.
  13. This plant is harmful to Spleen. Purgative of that are valerian and honey.

The properties of Ameleh oil

Rub the oil of Ameleh on your head at night to eliminate white hair, strengthen hair and make hair long.

 

What are Ferdows city souvenirs?

Ferdows souvenirs are as same as the souvenirs of other parts of our beautiful country and they contain food, agricultural products, and various handicrafts. From the most famous of them, we can point to the Qaenat Barberry and Saffron that both of them have the global reputation.

This province is the premier province of Iran in the background of agriculture and in addition to having the first place in the production of barberry and jujube, it has the second place in the production of saffron and cotton, it is the 6th producer of pomegranate and 8th producer of sugar beet.

South Khorasan province also has high capacity in the mining sector. The only magnesite reserves of Iran and the country’s largest mine Asbestos are in this province. Copper Mines, Magnesite, Granite, Basalt, Travertine, and bauxite are the only parts of mines that are being implemented in this province.

This province in addition to being one of the historical and architectural parts of Iran, due to its geographical situation has many natural attractions that they are especially for the wilderness areas and desert.

Agriculture product

Anaab (Jujube)

South Khorasan province as the largest producer of Jujube in our country, devoted more than 95 percent of the area of itself under cultivation of this product.

Jujube cultivation because of the compatibility of this product with climatic conditions has spread from ancient times in many areas of the province. In between the farmers of this city (about 9500 families), the main source of their earnings is Jujube production. Jujube harvest in the tropical city of this province that is started from the first of August and in the mountainous villages, it’s started from the first of October.

Zereshk (Barberry)

Iran country is the biggest producer of Barberry in the whole world and Qaenat city in the Khorasan province has the 97% of its land under the cultivation of this crop and produce 95 percents of the barberry of our country. Barberry harvesting begins in October.As Barberry bushes are prickly harvesting them are very difficult so all the families of the farmers participate in this work. Seedless barberry of Qaenat is one of the popular souvenirs of South Khorasan.

Zaferan (Saffron)

This plant of a pretty color is from the native plants of Iran and because of the limitation in cultivation and production of that so it is counting on the category of expensive foods. Since saffron is completed in desert areas it is famous for the “Red gold of desert”. Iran has the first position in the world production of Saffron and allocated more than 90 percent of global production to itself. South Khorasan province after Khorasan Razavi is the second producer of Saffron in Iran and Saffron cultivation in the province has more than 700 years old antiquity. The Saffron of this province from the quality (aroma and color) in compare with Khorasan Razavi province is more desirable and Qaenat city of this province is known as the capital of world Saffron.

suffron-ferdows-souvenir

Anaar (Pomegranate)

Ferdows city in south Khorasan province is the main manufacturer of Pomegranate in Iran and after the Saveh city in Markazi province and Ney riz city in Fars province is the third manufacturer of Pomegranate. Cultivation plentiful of Pomegranate in this city made this fruit as the major industry of there. In gardens of Ferdows city, different species of pomegranate are cultivated.

Some kinds of pomegranate in this city are as follow:

Shisheh kap, Shahvar, Shalqami (Turnips), Yazdi Nigella sativa and …

The best kinds of pomegranate is from the Ferdows city with the name of “Shisheh kap” and it has the special location in the export of pomegranate and more than 80 percent of annual production of there are exporting to the other countries such as  Spain, Japan, South Korea and the countries around the Persian Gulf. “Shisheh Kap” pomegranate has the smooth and red skin and the seeds of the fruit have the dark red colour with desirable and sour-sweet taste. This kind of pomegranate has a little bust and this is the reason of lasting more of this fruit in the places such as the warehouse.

Handicrafts

Barak bafy (to weave kind of cloth)

Barak is kind of cloth that is prepared from the Camel wool or goat hair. This kind of cloth is soft and thick that is weaving with traditional textile products machinery and has excellent softness and strength. This kind of cloth is mostly weaved for the man clothes especially their Jacket of the winter. In the past Tailors made fine garments for Rulers. This cloth has its own different colours of brown, black, white, milky and gray. Barak bafy (weaving Barak) is one of the old traditional souvenirs of Khorasan.

Tarkeh bafy (to weave twig)

Tarkeh bafy is one of the subsets of mat weaving art that the main difference between them is in the materials that they use. For the preparation of the material used in this art, they use young and thin (Twig) branches of Musk willow red trees and peanuts bushes. This kind of art base on the abundance of raw material is very common in different cities of Khorasan like as Birjand. In the Autumn and Winter due to the loss of farmers work this work is more common among the people. They made different kinds of dishes. Pay attention that the green dishes that are weaving by Musk willow twig is more strengthen in compare with the red one that weaving with the Red Willow.

tarke-bafi-ferdows-souvenir

Carpet weaving

A handmade carpet of south Khorasan that is Known as Maud carpet has the big portion of producing Qali in Iran and its global famous make it very unique and give it the location to be in the different museum of whole Iran. Although you can find carpet weaving industry in all parts of Iran but the source of it is in the Moud City. The way of weaving them is as same as Mashhad carpet but from the part of quality obviously, they are superior from them.

Some of the design of the Moud carpet that they are now a day common are Rize Mahy (Small Fish), Kheshty (Adobe), Kaleh Asby (Head of the Horse), Robi Saadi (Saadi quarter ), Afshar with seven colors.

persian-rug-ferdows-souvenir

What are Bam souvenirs?

Khorma-ye Mazafati Bam (Mazafati date of Bam)

Iranian dates have different kinds, that consume each one is different from the other one and they have them own shapes of consuming. Among all kinds of dates, Mazafati date is the most familiar one. The mazafati date is finding in both domestic and foreign markets and it is consuming as one of the most delicious dates. Mazafati date of Bam is the best kind of date in the whole world.

Never forget Mazafati and the other dates of Bam. Bam has the blessing of great dates.

Qaut

Qaut that in the Bami accent called “Qovato” is a kind of traditional foods products that are made by the mixing several sow plants and medicinal herbs that after roasting them come to be powder and mills with sugar. This is the custom that when one woman childbirth people give her and her guests “Qovato” until she gives reinforcement.

Local Sahn Komach

The traditional and special sweet of Bam city in the Kerman province is local Sahn Komach that contains high calorie.

In this kind of sweet, local people use the kind of flour as same as Wheat flour for making dough. Before baking some materials as same as date and walnut, almond or pistachio are putting in the middle of the dough layers. This sweet is making without any preservative and additives but however, it can keep for a long time out of the refrigerator. Given the effective materials in making this sweet have many calories so you will feel satiety if you only eat one part of that with a glass of milk.

 

Lut Desert

Lut plains or Lut desert is the wilderness plain in the southeast of Iran. This plain with more than 40000 square kilometers area (contains both arena and privacy) is located in between some parts of Kerman, Sistan and Baluchistan and south Khorasan and with the area about 175000 Kilometers and has about 10 percent of the extent of Iran.

Lut desert is the 25th biggest desert of the whole world.

Lut desert is one of the regions that is ultra hot and dry. The core of that in the (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009)  years showed this desert as the hottest point of the world that the most of them recorded in the year 2005 with the maximum temperature of 70. 7 ° C. Scientifics know the reason of the high temperature of this place is because of the dark colour and the dryness of the surface of that, and they are the reason of the absorption of the sunlight by the surface of the earth. Lout desert is from the north- west to the south- east. The length of that is 320 Kilometers (200 Miles) and the width of that is 160 Kilometers (100 Miles).

Name of Lut Desert

Lut means naked and without anything. Desert is the ecological and climate word that the vegetation, life, and downpours are very low there, but salt marsh is the lowest inner parts of the desert, it means that the place that it has lots of salt inside itself. In the global registration file Lout in UNESCO the title of “Lout desert ”  is registered not the “Lout Saltmarsh” because this plain is a desert and not the salt marsh and the salt marsh is only formed the small part of the Lout plain area. In the geographical writings of the Lout sometimes it is called “ Lout Pits”(Chaleh Lout), Sometimes it has the shape of “ Lot plain” and near the common people because of some similarities with the desert plain it has often the name of “Lout Desert”. “Lout Plain”  is in the shape of the vast sandy desert. There are pits or several local watersheds that each of them receives around batch surface runoff. In the “Lout plain” the desert areas are usually emerged in inside or around these watersheds (Local pits) or in the parts of the seasonal and temporary streams.

Generally the salt marsh area in the “Lout plain” is not too much in compare with the sandy earth or in the other words it is not too much important that it can effect on the natural landscape of the place. From this point “Lout plain” is right in front of the “Salt marsh – plain” and most of its area are contains by the “salt marsh”.

So as researchers have emphasized repeatedly in their Geography writings using the “Lout Saltmarsh” in this unit is not correct and the people must use the words such as: “Lout plain” and “Lout desert” instead.

The Hottest point of the Earth

Based on measurements from World Meteorological Organization the highest recorded temperature on Earth belonging to the Aziziya Libya weather station that is located in the Sahara, that the temperature of that in the 13th September of 1992 in this station registered (58 °C )(136,4 Fahrenheit degree). Before that, the record of the hottest spot in the world belonged to “Death Valley” in California that was measured (56. 7 ° C) in the year 1913. In study of the warmest parts of the Earth by using the satellite images of Medic sensor from the years 2003 – 2009 by NASA , Lout desert in the years of 2004,2005,2006,2007,2009 measured as the hottest point of the world that in the year 2005 with the temperature of 70,7 °C  recorded the hottest temperature in all the Earth. This temperature is 12 ° C higher than the official record of the Earth’s temperature that has been recorded in 1992 in Libya. People must pay attention that the hottest points of the world will change in the various years, in addition, the Earth’s surface temperature is usually higher than the air temperature at the same point and the recorded number as the Earth’s surface temperature that is coming from the surface temperature index is not mean the air temperature of the areas. The study of the scientists about the difference between air temperature and ground in Death Valley in 1915 showed in the way that when the temperature of the surface of Earth in the depth of  0,4 centimeters of the surface dust is 71,5 °C the temperature of the weather in the 120 centimeters of the surface of the Earth is about 42,5 °C.

In many of the Iranian and abroad medias base on the speech of the Doctor Parviz Kordavani the region of the “Gandom Berian” (in the 80 Kilometers of north of Shahdad) is called as the hottest point of the Lout and world but Kordavani by rejecting this claim believe that the hottest point of the earth is located in the “Lout desert” in the “central Lout pit” in the 75 Kilometers of the east of Shahdad and knowing “Gandom Berian” as the hottest point of the world is not correct.

Position and general indicates of the “Lut plain”

  • Lout plain is the range in between the south Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchestan and Kerman provinces.
  • Lout plain is located in between the two faults of Nahbandan in east and Naay band (epiglottis) in the west.
  • Its northern limit is in the circuit of 32 degrees and its southern limit is in the circuit of 28 degrees.
  • The extent of the “Lout plain” basin, is about 175000 Square Kilometers one-tenth of the area of the country.
  • The length of that from north to south is about 900 Kilometers and from the west to east, it is about 300 Kilometers.
  • The lowest point of the “Lout plain” is about 190 meters lower than the surface of the sea.(Central Lout)
  • Lout plain was the place of big and important earthquakes.
  • In the foot of Mount, that they are in front of the big “Lout saltmarsh” some signs of residence of people that they were related to the fourth millennium B.C. were found.
  • The largest population area of “Lout plain” is “Shahdad” that it was called in the past with the name of “Khabis”.
  • Sirach valley and the residential area of that with the same name is one of the most beautiful green landscapes in the margin of this mysterious plain.

Interesting phenomena

Lut plain is one of the most interesting desert tolls of the whole world. Some of its attractions are as follow:

  • It is the biggest Clod city of the world. Kaluts area from the far is as same as the ruins of the great city that they are many descriptions about that such as: Imaginary city or town of
  • The highest sandy pyramids of the whole world is in the Lout. The highest known pyramids of the world maximum has 300 meters height (Libya) but in the Lout the height of the some of the pyramids even are sometimes 480 meters.
  • 40 Quaternary volcanic cones are located in the surface of the “Lout plain”.
  • Large areas of sand with the range of light brown to gray and black color such as “Godar Barout” (Gunpowder Godard) that because of that the dust of that is black and as same as the Gunpowder has this name.
  • The plains of basaltic lavas pitted and it is as same as the “Gandfom Berian”.
  • Wavy sandy areas.
  • The biggest Nabkas of the whole world are the sandy dunes that they covered with plants that is one of the wonders of the coexistence of soil and water and plants. Nakba call “Desert Vase” either.
  • The highest Rebdou(Rebdou is as same as the Nabka but in the largest dimensions and complex forms that they are located in the West Lout).
  • Zones in the shapes of numerous polygons that they are resulting of the thick layer of salt and high evaporation of surface.
  • “Pa shotory Saltmarsh” (Camel Leg Saltmarsh) the surface of these lands are in the shape that it seems after lots of raining the land come to be soak and many camels are walking on them.
  • Hammada are sandy plains that they contain no plant.

Geographical Units     

Lut plain is divided into three geographical Units:

  1. North Lout is formation from the different elements such as sand and the southern limit of that formed from the irregular cuts overlooking the pits, “Passion river of Birjand”. Irregular sand terrain that the tables of sand are inside them.
  2. Central Lout is the most admired part of the Lout plain. In the east parts of the central Lout there are located hills, and huge masses sandy interlocking of the sand and covered a significant level of Lout to an average width of 52 km and the average length of 162 km at there. Some parts of the irregularities of central Lout has been vegetation and the west part of that has no vegetation .

From the geomorphology the central Lout is divided into the three main regions (From the west to east):

1/Pediment with the width of  5-10 KL in the shapes of strips that the surface of it covered from the sand, silt and salt.

2/Kalutes

Kalut (the local expression ) are known as the gigantic gullies that they are result of water and wind erosion and they are known as the unrivaled phenomenon of the world.

The “passion river” has enough effect in making the walls of the Kalut in the moisturize shape and facilitated their erosions.

The Kalut region is located  in the 43 KL distance from the Shahdad (24 KL of the Seif village) and they formed in the area with the medium width of 80 KL and medium length of 145 KL.

The most important wind that erosion the walls of the Kalut are 120 days winds of  Sistan.

In the distance of the Kalut the earth is covered with the sand and in the placers that the earth doesn’t have sand the earth is covered with pad clay and clay.

3/Sandy hills in the east of the central Lout the region made with the width of 50 KL and length of 100 KL. The height of  these sandy hills are arrive to the 500 meters.

Sandy roughs have different shapes that you can watch them as follow:

  • Barkhan
  • Sandy pyramids
  • Sif
  • Lengthy hills

South Lut (Negro Lout) is the richest part of the Lout base on the vegetation.

Vegetation

In about 20 KL of Shahdad, Tamarisk shrubs, trees are located in the Lout dessert pot that the people said Nabka with the plant hills to them.

The earth in between the Nabkas are full of sand and they are generally appear in the flat surface that the range of the sand are medium there and the range of the mineral water are high or the humidity be ok for growing the life vegetation on them.

The elements that they are constituent the Nabka are containing as follow:

  • Sand – Silt
  • Clay
  • Celts

The shapes of Nabka contain the function of size, density and the amount of plant growth that there are contain as the other kinds such as: batch of Gramineae, Haloxylon Shrub, Tamarisk, …

In the Lout dessert the kind of Tamarix plant is from the host species of Nabka. The height of Nabka is from some decimeter to some meters and the length of them is from one meter to Ten meters.

Pay attention that the single plants must have the height more than 10-15 centimeters until they can control the sand.

If the sand don’t have cohesion mood in the other word they don’t have clay and silt elements the volume of them will change with the change and speed of the wind.

With increase the amount of sediment, the plant to avoid from buried continue its growing upward until the time that the root of the plant has its connection with the mineral water but in the place that the mineral water drop the connection will be cut and the destroying of the Nabka will be start that at the end the Nabka will be destroy and die.  The permanent and several years Nabka has the fundamental role of the region as follow:

  • Changes the level of underground water
  • Runoff
  • Evaporation
  • Transpiration
  • Wind sediment control

Rebdou with the bigger dimension are come to be apart from the Nabka. The length of them are come to be 2-7 meters and the width of them are 1-5 meters. Apart from the dimension, shape of  Rebdou are more complicated than Nabka ; and sometimes they show some cones that they are located near each other.

The highest Rebdou located in the west Lout that sometimes the height of them are arrive to the 12 meters(The height of one building with four floors).

Archaeological excavations

The Geographical Institute of Tehran University from the year of 1346 was starting studies about the Lout plain. The result of these researches leads to discover some objects as follow:

  • Examples of earthenware objects
  • Examples of metal objects
  • Examples of stone objects

All these objects are related to the pre-history time of this area, but this board because of being busy with its works of itself and don’t have the Archaeologist persons, failed in speculation and further investigation. Dasht-e Lut (Lout plain) board of studies in collaboration with the department of archeology in the year of 1347 went to this region and they can discover the various potteries pieces and with searching in the short hills and different ways that they are locating in between the different parts of Kalut they can arrive to the tombs of the pre- history time and the valuable objects of them.

Discovered Objects and Tombs

In the ten days searching of Aqous Shahdad that is located in the 7 KL distance of the Lout plain, various objects that they were belonging to the third millennium and the earthenware that they were for the fourth millennium of the pre-history found in the discovered tombs that they were containing the earthen dishes with the red colour that they were decorated with the different designs that they are in the part of design and shape and the way of doing as same as the discovered dishes that they were located in the Balampour of Balouchistan and Khourab of Kerman. Also there were discovered earthenware jug with the pea colour that was very delicate  that it had three red stripes on itself. Between these strips are filled with pictures of Eagle with the spread wings and they were decorated with parallel broken lines with the black colour. As same as this kind of dish were find in the Iran-Pakistan border in the hill with the name of the Koli Mahy (Gypsy Fish) that the age of them back to the third millennium B.C. and they can also compare with the colorful dishes of Susa.

Stony dishes

In the discovered tombs some kinds of Marble dishes and gray limestone were discovering. The Marble , colorful dishes of this region with the Marble objects of Susa that they belonged to the third millennium B.C. have the overall similarity. Discovering these kinds of objects in this place prove the relation of the Qabus nation with the far points. Also decorative and metal dishes were finding in this place.

Khour dessert

Khour dessert or Khour salt lake and Biabanak (small dessert) is a large area that is located in the margin of the Lout plain in the way of Isfahan to Tabas.  In the summer with dry the water the beautiful scenic of salt is creating that it has the shape as same as the shape of the North Pole and the area rich in snow.

Registered on UNESCO World Heritage List

Before the fortieth session of the World Heritage in Istanbul, Iran had 19 registered effects in the World Heritage that all of them were in the list of cultural Iran works and there were no natural effect in the list of World Heritage. In this session, the Lout dessert was registering as the first Natural effect of Iran in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Iran sent the file of Lout dessert and Iranian aqueduct for registering in the world Heritage list. First eleven aqueduct and after that the Lout dessert was included in the World Heritage List. Lout dessert has unique features that they made this effect worthy to registering in the list of world natural heritage. These features are as follow:

  • The highest Kalout of the world in the east part of Kaloutes
  • The highest length Kaloutes of the world
  • The hottest point of the world with temperature of 70.7 ° C
  • The highest sandy hills in the east of Lout dessert
  • Being the one of the highest Nabkas of the whole world with the 12 meters height in the Lout dessert

The limitation of the Lout dessert arena and its privacy for registering in the world Heritage list was determined about 40,000 Square KL that is the great range and it is located in between the 3 provinces as follow:

  • South Khorasan
  • Kerman
  • Sistan and Baluchestan

Of course the Lout dessert is much larger than the proposed limitation for registering in the World Heritage List, but base on that part the most important parts of the Lout dessert located in the central part of this dessert so this region was proposed for registering in the World Heritage List.

The start of the work on the registering of the World Heritage list was in the year 2014 and the file of that sent for the UNESCO office in the Paris in the February of 2014. This project developed by management of Geographers and the collaboration of many experts from other disciplines and finally in the 17 July of 2016 with the consensus of all the member countries of the World Heritage Committee , Lout dessert located as the first natural effect in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Shazdeh Mahan Garden

Shazdeh Mahan Garden is one of the historical gardens of Iran. This garden has 2 Kilometers distance from Mahan city, near the Kerman province and it is located on the slopes of Tigran mountain. This building is related to the end of Qajar period. The Shazdeh Mahan Garden is located in the 30 degrees and one minute of geographical peculiarities in northern latitude and 57 degree and 17 minutes of  east lengths. The height of that from the free Sea is 2020 meters. This effect in the 14 Aban 1353 came to be as one of the national monuments of Iran and in 2011 it comes to be in the list of UNESCO World Heritage.

The characteristics of the Shazdeh Mahan garden

Shazdeh Mahan Garden has the 3/5 Hectare area and has two collections of east and west. The buildings of that are very beautiful and they are making in the shapes of two floors. The entrance of that has the beautiful architecture that makes this garden distinguish from the other gardens of Iran. There are geysers or fountain in the lengths of the garden that they are the most beautiful ones in whole Iran.

These fountains are working on the basis of heights different. The length of this garden is 407 meters and the width of that is 122 meters so because of that this is the biggest and most beautiful garden of Iran. This garden has many peoples to watch it in the most times of the year especially in spring and summer.

shazdeh-mahan-garden

Locating the garden in the pass road of Kerman to Bam and in the traditional way of Silk Road was one of the factors that made this location suitable for constructing of an aristocratic garden. This garden constructed in the way that maximum visibility of internal perspectives of that is available as follow:

It is possible that on arrival, especially in the upper storey of the house entrance except for the outer garden views and perspectives, watching  Chahar Baq prospects and in the inversion of that mountain landscape.

These spectacular views it means watching the tempest of water, ponds and waterfalls each one, in turn, focuses on axes perpendicular on the main axis and with the herbal makeup obtain the uniquely internal perspective. There are many different fruit trees in this garden and in front of the mansion ponds and fountains makes the beautiful perspective either. The garden water is providing from the small Tigaran river. Mr. Masoudi has examined the building of the garden from the various aspects of architecture and the role of water inside it.

Architecture of Shazdeh Mahan Garden

Shazdeh Mahan Garden is one of the Iranian gardens and constructed in the rectangular shape land in 5/5 hectare area and has very beautiful entrance head. The garden buildings are as follow:

The main belvedere (Permanent or seasonal residence of the owner) that is locating at the end of ramping up of the garden. In the entrance head of the garden in the shape of building a front line of the entrance of the garden occupies and it is constructing in 2 floors.

shazdeh-mahan-garden

The top floor of the head door has some rooms that they are forecasting for the living and public catering establishments. The other service buildings of the garden are using the main fence and it is in the shape of the compound wall containing the service buildings in the best point of itself. In addition, this garden contains alcove mansion and bathroom.  Today the alcove mansion comes to be the restaurant and it is managing by the private sector.

History of Shazdeh Mahan Garden

Shazdeh Mahan Garden at first constructed by the hand of  Mohammad Hosein Khan Iravanian Sardar that he was the ruler of Kerman in that days and inside of garden later made by the hand of  Abdul Hamid Mirza Naser Aldoleh the governor of  Kerman during eleven years of his governance from 1298-1309 of hegira lunar. However when he died was abandoned in the half-built shape. People said that when the sudden death news of the governor arrive at Mahan one of the people who made the building left his job and has fled so it is easy to recognize some empty parts of the head of the door that they made by the hand of this man. The date of constructed the building was 1276 of Solar.

shazdeh-mahan-garden

Global registration of Shazdeh Mahan Garden

Shazdeh Mahan Garden is one of the ninth Iranian gardens that registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1390 and the information of the garden is translating by UNESCO in 35 languages of the world and it is locating in the tourist map of UNESCO.Shazdeh Garden was registered in the UNESCO heritage list on the 21st of July in 2011.

Panirak (Mallow)

Mallow is one of the crawlers plants and it is constant with the height of 10 to 15 cm. , robust stems branched, fluff and branching. This kind of plant has pink and blue colour and it has flat fruit. Mallow in Iran has ten kinds of annual or perennial herbaceous plants. This plant is effective in the treatment of the cold. It is grown in the most parts of Iran especially in the plains of  Eqlid.

Harms

High consumption of Mallow is for the loosened weak stomach. It is not suitable for cold and wet nature.

Botanical Mallow

Mallow with the scientific name of Malva sylvestris is called Khabazi in the Arabic language. This plant is in the groups of gramineous with sixty centimeters height and stable mood.

This self-propelled plant grows in most parts and cultivates for consuming. The consumable parts of Mallow contain their leaves and flowers.

Of course in most regions people consume from the flowers of the mallow.

Mallow is not growing in Iran and one the other kind of plant that is very similar to Mallow with the name of M.neglecta is consuming instead. The available kind of this plant in Iran is not at the height of the original one and it is in the shape of almost sleep and the height of that is maximum 40 centimeters. The leaves of this plant in Iran is serrated and in circular mood and the flowers of that are purple and almost in the small shape.

The consumable parts of  Mallow in Iran, are the purple dry flowers of Mallow. The regions that this plant is growing in Iran are Alborz region, around Tehran, north of Iran, Azerbaijan, Astara, Isfahan, central parts of Iran, Khorasan, Damqan

Semnan, south of Iran, Kerman, Balochistan and some the other parts of Iran.

Some properties of Mallow in the traditional medicine

In traditional medicine knows Mallow in the groups of temperate plants. Mallow makes thick mucus in the watery shape and vice versa. The abrasion of its leaves has benefit for the broken parts of the body. The combination of that with olive oil has benefits for burns and scorpion stung. The brewed of its stem and leaves with sugar is good for voice clogging. This plant is used in the treatment of respiratory inflammation welding of skin. It contains A, B, C vitamins and it is very effective in the treatment of the kidney and bladder disease.  It is an anti-cough and one treatment for the chest either. If the leaves and roots of the Mallow come to be in the shape of the poultice and be on the abscesses or boils they come to be very effective.

The boil form of Mallow is very effective and has benefit for the bladder infections,  bloody diarrhea, severe cough. The brewed form of Mallow is recommended for the people whom they have constipation and sluggish stomach and intestines.

Mallow is used in the treatment of bronchitis and vomiting. It has good benefits in the form of gargle in eliminating oral mucosa irritation and sore throat and also the elimination of burning urethral.

Mallow is using for eliminating Acne in addition to relief pain and discomfort of welding and it is effective in the shape of compresses or lotions for treatment of burns.  In India Mallow use as the conditioner cooler and glace medicines.

Indian people boil about 300 grams of dry Mallow leaves in the 1 liter of water and drink it.

It is common for the people to use the brewed form of Mallow in the shape of apply warm compresses and baths, in the elimination of the discomfort of hemorrhoids, some tumors, swelling of the eyelids between the people.

There is one soluble that is making from the boil flower and leaves of the Mallow in half a liter of water. This soluble has the conditioner effective in the skin of the body and give a unique peace and soft mood to the skin of the body of the sensitive people with the sensitive and gentle skin.

For the treatment of the exposure to the sun’s heat and sunstroke, boil about 500 grams of leaves and flowers of Mallow in one liter of water is very effective and they must after smooth it gently rub it in the burn parts. Mallow is effective in the treatment of severe one-sided headache, stomach cramps, tonsillitis, throat pain and angina.

Mallow Flower

Important compounds

The Mallow flowers have more than ten percents of mucilage. This mucilage conversion and come to the other materials because of hydrolyzed. Also, flowers of it (in ratio with the dryness of them) have little Tannins, and about 0.1 percent of Vkuantusyanyn and 7 percent of Anthocyanins.

Important effects

The tail of the flowers of Mallow because of having mucilage, is a good anti-cough medicine. It is also consumed as severe cold (flu), swelling of the mouth and throat. On the other hand, because it has weak astringent property it is partly acting as anti -diarrheal.

In the common medicinal this plant use in edible form for bladder problems and in the shape of ointment for healing the wounds. The people use it to colouring foodstuffs.

The most important effects of the Angelica that they were reported are as follow:

  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Disinfectants
  • Astringent
  • Laxative
  • Diuretic
  • Mucus
  • Uterine tonic
  • Anti-pain

Dosage and the way of consuming

Preparing tea:

Pour one glass of cold water on the 2 grams of Mallow flowers and boil it maximum for 5 minutes. It is possible to pour one glass of water in the boiling mood on two grams of flowers and after 15 minutes smooth them and drink.

Significant points:

  • The effects of Mallow are basically relating to the Mucilage and anthocyanins of it, that is one of the most important anti-cough and useful drugs for the elimination of hoarseness.
  • It is better that after smoothing the brewed Mallow give the little pressure to the flowers of it until whole Mucilage of it extracted and put the residue of it away.
  • When preparing this product, it must not boil more than 5 minutes because it is the cause of Hydrolyzed mucilage and make the influence of product low.

Mallow leaves

Important compounds

Mallow leaves have about 8 percents of mucilage that they are after hydrolyzed make the sugar products such as Arabinose, Glucose, Rhamnosus, Galactose, Galacturonic acid acid.It has also a little Tannins and flavonoids.

Dosage and the way of consuming

Pour one glass of cold water on the 5 grams of Mallow leaves and boil them for about 5 minutes or pour one glass of boiled water on the 5 grams of Mallow leaves (it is better to cover its door) after 15 minutes smooth the dissolved.  Of course, it is better that the cold dissolved come to be little hot before consume.  If before any time of drinking add one spoon of honey to the dissolved the effects of it come to be stronger. You can repeat this amount of consuming every day 3-4 times.

Important effects:

The important effects of the Mallow leaves are as same as the Mallow flowers and it is appropriate for the treatment swelling of the upper parts of respiratory way and throat and swelling of the bowel and stomach.

Herbal Medicines:

Mallow leaves are available as one of the effective plants in complications of the common cold, especially cough in many cold formulations, mixed with the other plants.

Complications and Precautions

Yet no complications have been reported.

Significant points

The available Mallow that is now in Iran (Malva neglecta), from the parts of medicinal properties, is as same as the other ones that they are available in all around the world. These two kinds of plant are from one genus.

The properties of flowers and leaves of Mallow are close to each other, but the effects of flowers because of having Anthocyanins and Lecco-Anthocyanins are more complete.

For consuming the complete properties of Mallow you can use the mixture of its flowers and leaves together.

As the effects of Mallow and Marshmallow are as same as each other so people can use the mixture of Mallow and Marshmallow together for preparing the especial mucilage and consume it especially for the colds, relieve a cough as bring mucus, and elimination of hoarseness.

For gathering the flowers the best time is in the summer that is the season of flowering Mallow, gathering the leaves are happening in the spring season.

In Iran markets, Mallow flower is only available in the dry shape (in purple colour).

Harms

High consumption of it will make the weak stomach frail. This plant is not good for the wet and cold temperament.

 

 

Mikhak (Cloves flower)

Cloves flower has the scientific name of Dianthus. This flower at first called with this name by the Greek botanist Theopharastus.

It is the native of Middle East. Some researchers believe that this name comes from the word of coronation or the sun corona because in the past it was used in the coronation ceremony of the Greek kings. Today this flower is known as the signs of love, honor, superiority, and attractiveness. Pale red clove is the acclaimed markers and the bold red cloves are the marker of love and deep feelings.

Medicinal properties:

Cloves mean dried buds of the clove tree that were used from the two thousand years ago as a spice. Cloves from the Iranian ancient medicine are very warm and dry and it contains many properties.

  1. For relieve a toothache and earache rub it on the teeth or dribble the one drop of essential oil of cloves in the ear.
  2. Clove is the brain Booster and it must use by those who have the poor memory in the brewed shape.
  3. Clove prevents from cancer and even it is the treatment of cancer.
  4. It is useful to relieve a headache.
  5. It is effective in the dispel of paralysis and tremor.
  6. It is cure neurasthenia.
  7. It is useful to relieve shortness of breath.
  8. It is the tonic for the alimentary canal and stomach.

  1. It strengthens of the liver and kidneys.
  2. It is Relieve hiccups.
  3. It is good and useful to boost gender force of people with the cold nature. They must pour 2 grams of cloves in the milk and use it for one week.
  4. Clove is an appetizer.
  5. It strengthens the body.
  6. For restoration of the eye cornea and dispel of stains in eyes, you can distil a few drops of the aqueous solution of clove in the eyes.
  7. Clove is Febrifuge.
  8. Clove is fatal of worm and the drugs that they are fatal of the worm to contain clove.
  9. It is useful for blood circulation and heart.
  10. It strengthens of diarrhea and abdominal pain.
  11. For treatment of a backache, drink clove tea or mix 2 drops of essential oil of it in the hot water or the tea.
  12. Drinking 1 cup of clove tea after food destroys gas and stomach pain.
  13. Use clove destroys muscle cramps.
  14. The extract of this plant is the best treatment for mouth aphthous.

 

Kharkhasak (Tribulus Terrestris)

Kharkhasak is the Shrub. Its fruit has four parts and it is soft but it has sharp thorns. Kharkhasak is growing in the hot weather and even you can find it in the deserts.

Kharkhasak is the annual, gramineous plant with the stems that they are the stretch and wide ramifications on the ground. They are covered with blurs that the leaves and new stems of that are covering with elegant Silk fibers. Vice versa the leaves of this plant are often unequal and combined from the small and tiny petioles that they are located in the number of  6-3 pairs on either side of the main petiole.  The yellow flowers are small and single. The fruit of this plant is during the five parts of it come to be apart and scattered from each other. Each of these five parts in the outer surface is Barbed. The usable parts of this plant are fruit, seeds, leaves, roots, and sometimes whole parts of this plant but more than all parts of this plant the fruits of it is using. The colour of the fruit is glaucous. It doesn’t have any smell and it has specified taste.

Kharkhasak

The fruits of this plant are collecting at the end of the summer and first of the autumn. This plant has dispersion extensive in the different areas of the ground in the mood that you can find it in the most parts of the world. The chemical compound of it contains minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, sulfur, Nitrogen, and Clare). It also contains 5 types of glycoside materials that all of them have glucose and in addition rhamnose and arabinose sugar.  Kharkhasak is consumed as the: Diuretic, Excretion of urinary tract stones and uses as the amplifier of sexual power. In the past in medicine use as Kharkhasak for the diuretic effect and Excretion of urinary tract stones and reinforcing the sexual power and it is also used as the treatment of infection and inflammation of the gums.

 

Khar shotor(Camel’s thorn)

Camel’s thorn with the scientific name of Alhagi is a stable plant from Papilionaceae or Fabaceae families. They are of  the Fava beans family(Faboideae) and it is considered as one of the legumes. Another name of it is Manna grass.

The fruit of this plant has no blossom. This plant with shrub is semi-woody and half-bushes that is as high as 50 to 150 cm. The stems of it are green with sharp yellow thorns. This plant is Diuretic , anti-pertussis, fever and chills. Its sepals are without glabrous, Bell-shaped and with five short sharp triangular teeth.  Its seeds are placed side by side within Nyamak. Camel’s thorn from traditional medicine has cool tempers and it is effective for removal of gall, kidney stones and bladder . Alhaji is one of the edible forage for livestock, especially goats. This plant is resistant to cold , it has deep roots and it needs little water. Alhaji for plants such as corn and sugar beet regarded as weeds. Alhaji roots are up to depth of 5 to 7 meters. The fruit of it is called manna which means more honey. It is growing in salt marshes of  Iran, Saudi Arabia, the desert of Sinai, Syria, India and Pakistan to a height of 400 meters above sea level.

Iranian camel thorn

Iranian camel thorn with the scientific name of  Alhagi Maurorum or Alhagi persarum is the sample of dominant Alhaji in Iran.

English and Scientific names:

Alhagi words in European languages derived from the Arabic word of al-Hajji.  Three other names are used for the main spices of Camelthorn (Alhagi Maurorum):

  • Alhagi mannifera Jaub. & Spach
  • Alhagi Gra eco rum Boiss
  • Alhagi tournefortii Heldr

Some of the other names of Camelthorn in English are as follow:

  • Camel thorn
  • Manna Tree
  • Persian Manna Plant

Hel (Cardamom)

Cardamom is the small fruit in the size of Knuckle with the dark skin and aroma seeds. This fruit is from ginger family and has different kinds as follow:

  • Cardamom
  • Black cardamom
  • White Cardamom
  • Green Cardamom

The green kind of it has the spicy aroma. Cardamom is one of the seasonings that is used in some kinds of foods, bread, sweets and especially jams.

Most consumers of cardamom in the world are Indians and Pakistanis.

Medicinal properties

Cardamom is from the past traditional medicine of Iran. It is hot and dry. Base on the researchers chewing Cardamom after eating food may help the better digestion of food and also neutralize mouth unpleasant smell. Consuming brewed Cardamom is enlivening, carminative and delicate stomach tonic. Cardamom seed has warmth properties and it is reinforcement stomachs and intestines. Cardamom has the stimulation for the appetite and improves digestion.

Drinking hot brewed shape of this plant is the reason of relief colitis, dyspepsia, flatulence, nausea, lethargy, and it is prevented from the hypersecretion of stomach acid.

 

One of the special and very important properties of Cardamom is preventing the formation of phlegm in the throat so it can add to dairy and pudding products until it neutral the effect of milk that is the cause of making phlegm in the throat and it is helping to digestion it either.

 

The seed of Cardamom has the properties of the expectorants medicine and it is clean up them from additional secretion.

As it was told Cardamom has warmth and energetic properties so it helps the improving morale and it is restoring lost power of the body and brain. It reduces anxiety and it is effective in relieve depression either. Cardamom reinforcement the kidneys and it has benefits for the treatment of children enuresis. Pay attention that high consumption of that increasing the palpitations.

 

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